Cardiac catheterization (also called cardiac cath or coronary angiogram) is an invasive imaging procedure that allows your doctor to evaluate your heart function. The Department of Cardiac Surgery has pioneered numerous procedures, including minimally invasive valve replacements and an improved way of repairing aortic aneurysms. Medical Tourism - Cardiac Bypass Surgery,Mitral Valve Repair,Aortic Aneurysm,Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)Share: Cardiac Surgery. Cardiac surgery is a surgery on the heart performed by a cardiac surgeon. It is usually done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (e. CABG), correct congenital heart disease, treat valvular heart disease, or for heart transplantation. Cardiac surgery and thoracic surgery are separate surgical specialties, but are frequently grouped together as cardiothoracic surgery. Cardiac surgery generally refers to surgery of the heart and great vessels, and thoracic surgery generally refers to surgery of the chest other than the heart. A cardiothoracic surgeon will perform surgery within the realm of both cardiac and thoracic surgery. It is responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The average heart beats 1. The average human heart beating at 7. BPM (beats per minute), will beat approximately 2. The sac enclosing the heart is known as the pericardium. It pushes blood through the aortic valve and into the body. Types of Heart Surgery. Repairing an aneurysm involves surgery to replace the weak section of the artery or heart wall with a patch or.
From the left atrium the blood moves to the left ventricle which pumps it out to supply oxygen to the body. The right- sided chambers pump blood to the lungs. The left side pumps blood to the rest of the body (does the harder job). The main pumping chambers of the heart are called the ventricles. Ventricle has two valves. Outflow valve - The aortic valve is the outflow valve, allows the blood to leave the left ventricle and closes to prevent blood from leaking backwards into the ventricle from the rest of the body. These cusps are half moon shaped hence also called aortic semilunar valve. Each cusp has a small swelling in the center called the nodule. Dilatation of the wall of the aorta behind these cusps is called aortic sinus. Populations with the highest sudden death cardiac risk. The CABG Patch Trial.When the aortic valve is open, the normal size of the orifice is 3- 4 sq. The most common congenital abnormality is a bicuspid aortic valve. The normal aortic valve has three leaflets, but a bicuspid aortic valve has only two. So it may not open or close completely. The normal tricuspid valve usually has three leaflets and three papillary muscles. Tricuspid valves may also occur with two or four leaflets, and the number may change during life. In Latin, the term mitral means shaped like a miter, or bishop's cap. The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are known collectively as the atrioventricular valves because they lie between the atria and the ventricles of the heart and control flow. The aortic aneurysm repair surgery or aortic aneurysm surgery involves opening up the dilated portion of the aorta and replacing it with a graft (patch tube) made of a synthetic material such as Dacron or Gore- tex. While the stretched vessel may occasionally cause discomfort, a greater concern is the risk of rupture which causes severe pain, massive internal hemorrhage and, without prompt treatment, results in a quick death. A very small tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel in your groin or arm. The tip of the tube is positioned either in the heart or at the beginning of the arteries supplying the heart, and a special fluid (called a contrast medium or dye) is injected. This fluid is visible by X- ray, and the pictures that are obtained are called angiograms. Another name for this test is coronary arteriography. It is an imaging procedure, which involves inserting a catheter into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and guiding it to the carotid arteries with the aid of a special X- ray machine. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter so that X- ray movies of your carotid arteries (the arteries that supply your brain with oxygen- rich blood) can be taken. The X- Rays help in identifying any problems. A carotid artery angiography is performed to identify any problems in the carotid artery of the heart. It may be performed to look for blockage or narrowing of the artery, or for defects in the artery wall such as an aneurysm. Angioplasty. Angioplasty, Coronary Angioplasty or Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is a medical procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels of the heart. These blood vessels are called the coronary arteries. Angioplasty is not considered to be a type of surgery. Percutaneous coronary intervention can be performed to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of coronary artery disease, including angina (chest pain), dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion, and congestive heart failure. PCI is also used to abort an acute myocardial infarction, and in some specific cases it may reduce mortality. The arteries that bring blood to the heart muscle (coronary arteries) can become clogged by plaque (a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances). This can slow or stop blood flow through the heart's blood vessels, leading to chest pain or a heart attack. Increasing blood flow to the heart muscle can relieve chest pain and reduce the risk of heart attack. Therefore, this surgery is done to improve blood flow and oxygen to the heart. Depending on the number of coronary arteries bypassed in the procedure, the surgery may be termed single bypass, double bypass (CABG 2x), triple bypass (CABG 3x), quadruple bypass (CABG 4x) and quintuple bypass (CABG 5x). To find out CABG cost overseas, login to Healthbase. MIDCAB gains surgical access to the heart with a smaller incision than the traditional CABG. MIDCAB is also referred to as . This approach is limited to patients requiring one or two bypasses; typically bypassing arteries on the front of the heart. During this procedure, the surgeon must cut open the chest and split the breastbone. The surgeon can repair four to five vessels on the beating heart during the same procedure. Off- pump surgery is associated with less blood transfusions, may have a decreased risk of stroke, have a shorter stay in the hospital after surgery, and may be able to return to normal activities more rapidly, but it is technically more challenging than other procedures. A catheter is guided through the heart and positioned through the diseased heart valve. Balloons on the catheter are inflated, enlarging the opening through the valve and improving blood flow through the heart and to the rest of the body. This allows the heart to pump more effectively, reduces pressures in the heart and lungs, and reduces symptoms. The valves repaired could be aortic valve, mitral valve or tricuspid valve. Heart valve surgery is performed to treat damaged heart valves which do not function properly leading to heart valve disease. A damaged heart valve has problems either opening or closing. This causes blood to not move through the heart's chambers the way it should. Surgery fixes the problem by either repairing or replacing the affected valve. Repair means that the valve is mended to help it work better. Replacement removes the diseased valve and inserts a new valve in its place. Whether a repair or replacement will be required can be judged by your surgeon only when the surgery has begun. A pulmonary homograft (valve taken from a cadaver) is then used to replace the patient's own pulmonary valve. A special pacemaker is implanted to make the skeletal muscle contract. The Dor procedure which uses a circular suture and a Dacron patch to correct LV aneurysms and exclude scarred parts of the septum and ventricular wall is considered the best option amongst other methods of ventricular remodeling. Heart transplant is performed on patients with end- stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease. This operation might be done to relieve constrictive pericarditis, or to remove a pericardium that is calcified and fibrous. Pediatric cardiac surgery or paediatric cardiac surgery refers to heart surgery on children. In modern surgery, this procedure is temporarily used to direct blood flow to the lungs and relieve cyanosis while the infant is waiting for corrective surgery. It involves diverting the venous blood from the right atrium to the pulmonary arteries without passing through the morphologic right ventricle. The Fontan procedure is nowadays used where a child only has a single effective ventricle, due to either defects of the heart valves (e. The operation itself is carried out as part of a range of operations for heart defects in children where a child cannot have bi- ventricular repair. This procedure is primarily used to treat dextro- Transposition of the great arteries or d- TGA (often imprecisely called transposition of the great arteries), a life- threatening cyanotic congenital heart defect seen in infants. Recently, various methods of minimally invasive maze procedures have been developed; these procedures are collectively named minimaze - . A pacemaker is implanted under the skin through the pacemaker implant surgery. This is called AV synchronization. By pacing both sides of the heart, the pacemaker can resynchronize a heart that does not beat in synchrony, which is common in heart failure patients. This is called cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). All of today's biventricular pacemakers can also work as an implantable cardio- defibrillator (ICD). It matches the natural pacing of the heart more closely and is useful in congestive heart failure patients. In contrast, a single- chamber pacemaker controls only one chamber of the heart - in some cases it is the upper chamber or atrium and in other cases it is the lower chamber or ventricle. The third type is a rate- responsive pacemaker which has sensors that automatically adjust to changes in the person's physical activity. Pacemakers consist of a pager- sized housing device which contains a battery and the electronic circuitry that runs the pacemaker, and one or two long thin wires that travel through a vein in the chest to the heart. Pacemakers are usually implanted in patients in whom the heart's own . The device is connected to leads positioned inside the heart or on its surface.
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